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Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii are the leading causes of Lyme borreliosis (LB) in Europe. Persistent LB forms may involve biofilms, potentially contributing to antibiotic tolerance. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on 7 B. afzelii and 5 B. garinii isolates from erythema migrans skin biopsies. Biofilms were analyzed for extracellular DNA (eDNA) content… [They looked at the effect of amoxicillin,

Dr. Neil L. Spector, MD, was a leading physician-scientist, Duke University oncologist, and cancer researcher whose personal encounter with tick-borne disease transformed research at the intersection of oncology, Borrelia, and Bartonella. His work bridged the gap between modern targeted cancer therapies and infectious disease, offering a framework for understanding chronic tick-borne infections. 1. Personal Experience With Lyme Carditis Before focusing

Why Do Infection Doctors Not Focus On Forms That Are Not The Basic Active Form? The existence of round bodies (also referred to as cysts, L-forms, spheroplasts, “nut,” or pleomorphic forms) in Borrelia burgdorferi—the bacterium that causes Lyme disease—is well-documented and proven across decades of peer-reviewed microbiological research. Rather than being dead cellular debris, round bodies are structured, metabolically altered